Increasing absorption of carbon dioxide into the seas causes ocean acidification, which destroys coral reefs, impairs shellfish development, dissolves calcium-containing microorganisms at the base of the marine food web, and increases the toxicity of some pollutants.
Petroleum-based pollutants reduce photosynthesis in marine microorganisms that generate oxygen. Ocean pollution has multiple negative impacts on marine ecosystems, and these impacts are exacerbated by global climate change. Chemical pollutants are ubiquitous and contaminate seas and marine organisms from the high Arctic to the abyssal depths. Global spread of industrialized agriculture with increasing use of chemical fertilizer leads to extension of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) to previously unaffected regions. Mercury is the metal pollutant of greatest concern in the oceans it is released from two main sources – coal combustion and small-scale gold mining. Plastic is a rapidly increasing and highly visible component of ocean pollution, and an estimated 10 million metric tons of plastic waste enter the seas each year. It is often heaviest near the coasts and most highly concentrated along the coasts of low- and middle-income countries. It reaches the oceans through rivers, runoff, atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. More than 80% arises from land-based sources. It is a complex mixture of toxic metals, plastics, manufactured chemicals, petroleum, urban and industrial wastes, pesticides, fertilizers, pharmaceutical chemicals, agricultural runoff, and sewage. Pollution of the oceans is widespread, worsening, and in most countries poorly controlled. van de Water, PhD, 5 Luigi Vezzulli, PhD, 34 Pál Weihe, MD, 35 Ariana Zeka, MD, MSc, ScD, 36 Hervé Raps, MD, 5, 37 and Patrick Rampal, MD 5, 37 Scharler, PhD, 33 Hariharan Shanmugam, 1 Gabriella Taghian, BA, 1 Jeroen A.J.M. Noble, PhD, 29 Maria Luiza Pedrotti, PhD, CNRS, 14, 30 Christopher Reddy, PhD, 31 Joacim Rocklöv, PhD, 32 Ursula M. Hahn, PhD, 2 Amro Hamdoun, PhD, 22 Philipp Hess, PhD, HDR, 18 Bret Judson, MA, 1 Amalia Laborde, MD, 23 Jacqueline McGlade, PhD, 24, 25 Jenna Mu, 1 Adetoun Mustapha, PhD, MPH, 26, 27 Maria Neira, MD, 28 Rachel T. Gaze, PhD, 19 Laura Giuliano, PhD, 20 Philippe Grandjean, MD, PhD, 21 Mark E. Dorman, PhD, ScD, 17 Patrick Fénichel, MD, 7, 8 Samantha Fisher, MPH, 1 Françoise Gaill, 14 François Galgani, PhD, 18 William H. Backer, PhD, MPH, 6 Françoise Brucker-Davis, MD, PhD, 7, 8 Nicolas Chevalier, MD, PhD, 7, 8 Lilian Corra, MD, Senior Advisor, 9, 10 Dorota Czerucka, PhD, 5 Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein, PhD, HDR, 11, 12, 13 Barbara Demeneix, PhD, DSc, CNRS, 14, 15 Michael Depledge, CBE, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRCP, 4 Dimitri D. Fleming, MD, PhD, MPH, MSc, 3, 4 Denis Allemand, PhD, 5 Donald M.
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